Radiant Vector Quantum Gravity Explains Dark Matter Gravity

The causal set universe collapse represents cosmic time, which is different from the velocity dependent atom time. As a result of universe collapse, there is both a scalar Newtonian gravity as well as a vector gravity. The velocity of an orbiting body as both Newtonian scalar and vector terms as

Vector gravity is the well known relativistic equation for the perihelion shift of orbiting bodies, notably the perihelion shift of the planet Mercury. Einstein first derived this term from the principles of general relativity to first order, but causal set vector gravity has the same term. However, mass loss by radiance does not result in any extra velocity in relativity, but is key source of gravity on the cosmic scale with discrete aether.

In causal set gravity, matter and action represent velocity in space and time with changes of matter. This means that radiant energy also contributes to orbital velocity as change in mass just like relativity shows a change in mass with velocity.

The constant rotation velocity of galaxy stars is inconsistent with Newtonian gravity for two reasons. Not only is Newtonian orbit velocity not constant with radius, it also slows with increasing radius. The K.E. of galaxy rotation then exceeds Newtonian gravity potential energy by a large amount. According to the virial theorem, a bound system like a galaxy must have its K.E. equal its P.E. 

For example, the Sun rotation velocity of 251 km/s exceeds the Newtonian velocity of 194 km/s by 30% and so the Sun should have escaped the galaxy long ago. This plot below shows the velocity profile of the Milky Way along with the observed Sun velocity as opposed to the Keplerian Sun velocity. The observed Sun velocity is about 29% greater than the Keplerian Sun velocity reported by Sofue et al, 251 vs. 194 km/s. The Keplerian gravity force at the Sun at 8.0 kpc is 8.4e14 kg m/s^2, which is consistent with a Sun velocity of 194 km/s as opposed to the actual Earth velocity of 251 km/s. 

However, there is a matter-action radiant vector gravity force that couples star motions and transfers momentum from inner to outer stars. The Sun radiance is 4.2e9 kg/s and results in a radiant vector force of 4.2e9 kg/s x 2.51e5 m/s / 2 = 5.5e14 kg m/s^2. Thus, the scalar gravity plus this vector gravity of the Sun give a total gravity force of 1.4e15 kg m/s^2, which is now consistent with the 29% increase in Sun velocity as sqrt(1.4e15/8.4e14) = 1.29. Radiant vector gravity completes the virial energy theorem for galaxies without any need for dark matter.

The figure below shows the biphoton shadows of scalar gravity along with the radiant vector gravity momentum transfers from inner to outer stars. The Sun is quite a bit more luminous than the average MW star, which is why the Sun rotates faster than the galaxy. The MW average rotation velocity is 204 km/s where the sun is at r = 8 kpc while the Sun rotation is 251 km/s, which suggests that the Sun is 251 / 204 = 23% greater than the average stellar MW luminosity. Since the average stellar luminosity is 2.1e10 Lsun / Nstars, this result further suggests that the number of MW stars is 91 billion MW stars as Nstars = 2.1e10 / 0.23, which assumes that MW stars at r = 8.0 kpc are representative of the whole MW. This MW 91 billion star estimate is at the lower end of the typical 100-400 billion star number estimate often cited.

star	distance lyr from galaxy	radial velocity km/s	Mass, Msun	Luminescence Lsun	Distance from Sun lyrs	Age Myrs
Sol	26,000	251	1.0	1.0	0.0	4,600
SiriusA/B	26,009	257	3.1	26	9	242
Arcturus	26,037	256	1.1	170	37	7,100
Deneb var	23,385	255	19	2.0e5	2,615	10
ProcyonA/B	25,988	258	2.1	6.9	11.5	1,870
Betelgeuse	25,750	273	18	1.3e5	548	8.3

The luminosity of a galaxy is largely due to the luminosities of all of its stars and the luminosity of the universe is then also largely due to the luminosities of all of its stars. Just like static gravity is actually due to stellar bond shadows with the universe, radiant vector gravity is likewise due to the average dynamics of star shadows with the universe and not really with just other stars.

Stars begin life in clusters with very strong static and radiant vector gravity coupling among stars. Generally stars begin life as binaries with a CofM along with their cluster CofM and then their static and radiant vector gravities couple stellar motions within the birth cluster to galaxy spiral modes. When a binary star entangles a galaxy spiral mode, one star of a binary accelerates and the other decelerates. This dynamic stellar choreography is the basis of radiant vector gravity and provides the extra binding force that holds galaxies and galaxy clusters together at the cosmic scale that dark matter now represents.

Galaxies with greater luminosity rotate faster and the Tully-Fisher relation shows that galaxy luminosity is proportional to the fourth power of galaxy rotation velocity. The galaxy luminosity is proportional to the galaxy kinetic energy, Mgvg2, by the matter-action principle, and therefore also proportional to vg4, since the mass of a galaxy, Mg, is proportional to vg2.

There are many stars that have up to 1e6 times the sun luminosity, and yet stars and star clusters all rotate at a single mean rotation velocity about some relative standard deviation, 230 km/s +/-11%. This result is only for stars within the parallax limit from earth, for which there are velocities. All star motions couple with luminosity and very luminous stars tend to be very young and so couple within their birth clusters. It is then the cluster luminosity that couples with the galaxy spiral waves, not really the individual star luminosities.

For instance, Deneb is a hot supergiant 2,615 ly from earth and rotates SagA* at 236 km/s despite having a luminosity of 2.0e5 Ls and a mass of 23 Ms. Since Deneb is only about 10 million years old, it has not even completed 5% of our sun’s galaxy orbit of 225 million years.

Procyon is a double star where ProcyonA has transitioned into a red supergiant and so has a luminosity of 11.5 Ls. However, ProcyonA would have spent most of its 1.9 Byr life on the HR main sequence just like the Sun.

Quantum Gravity As Hydrogen Bonded Universe Wavefunctions

In discrete aether, quantum gravity it is the interactions of photon geodesics that distort space and time in gravity relativity not really mass. It is the actually by measuring photon geodesics that Science concludes that time slows, space shrinks, and gravity lenses. All of these photon geodesics end up captured at the event horizons of blackholes and show the effects of gravity relativity instead of matter.

In discrete aether, quantum gravity comes from the overlap of each each body wavefunction with the universe wavefunction, not from matter gravity. Ordinary quantum bonding occurs between two hydrogen atoms while it is the complementary bonding of each hydrogen wavefunction to the universe wavefunction that forms the quantum bonds that result in the illusion of matter gravity between hydrogen atoms.

In gravity relativity, it is the geodesics of light photons that show the distortion of space and time by matter gravity, not by geodesic photon interactions. However, the discrete aether nature of quantum gravity means that the distortion of space and time in gravity relativity is not really due to the presence of matter gravity. Instead, it is the actually the interactions of photon geodesics of matter-universe bonds that show the distortion of space and time. 

In matter relativity, the Einstein tensor, G_mn, is proportional to the energy-momentum tensor, T_mn, as 

.

Instead of the energy-momentum tensor of gravity relativity, it is the entirely equivalent matter-action tensor of discrete aether. Momentum is proportional to the second derivative of action with matter and potential energy is now just potential matter.

 

Quantum Gravity Is No Longer a Mystery

While blackholes are spacetime singularities with an information paradox, in discrete aether, blackholes are not singularities. Rather, a discrete aether blackhole is simply a kind of phase transition from 4D spacetime to 2D cosmic time plus spiral action.

There is no information loss because all the blackhole particles are in causal photon absorptive-emissive contact with the blackhole event horizon. The event horizon is in turn in contact with the universe and is the phase boundary between 4D spacetime and 2D cosmic time plus spiral action.

Blackhole and all gravity in spacetime is due to the bonding of matter to other matter. In discrete aether, gravity is instead due to the bonding of particles to the universe event horizon and so blackhole gravity is due to the bonding of its particles to its event horizon.

This quantum exchange bond is what gravity actually is and so quantum gravity is no longer a mystery...

Fermi Paradox, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Inflation All Resolved by Collapsing Universe

The collapsing universe synchronizes the same epoch of carbon life that is only about a billion years old for the whole universe. Unlike the ever-expanding universe with a 13 byr epoch of carbon life, the collapsing universe epoch of carbon life only began about 1 billion years ago not only for us, but also for the entire universe. Carbon life only became possible when the speed of light along with the fine-structure and Planck constants all increased to make carbon life possible. The forces of nature derive from the universe collapse and this limits the epoch of carbon life to just the past 1.0 byrs as well as the future 3.2 byrs as the figure shows.

Thus, the collapsing universe synchronizes all carbon life in the universe to this same epoch and so any very distant intelligent life simply has not existed long enough to communicate over the vast expanse of the collapsing universe. Therefore, there is no Fermi paradox...

In fact, there are three more observations about the nature of the universe that have no explanation in addition to the Fermi paradox: dark matter, dark energy, and inflation. The limited time for carbon life resolves the Fermi paradox and the nature of matter collapse also does away with the need for dark energy, dark matter, and inflation. The universe collapse then resolves all four of these heretofore unexplained observations.

Finite Quantum Gravity with the Cosmic Collapse of Discrete Aether

Science has long recognized that quantum field theory, QFT, is what determines the action of our microscopic reality. Photon exchange between matter particles leads to photon geodesic paths for the action of QFT. However, gravity is what determines the action of our macroscopic reality and the point-like attraction of gravity is inconsistent with QFT. The figure shows that the gravity attraction between quantum particles necessarily leads to to an infinite graviton exchange and therefore an infinite energy.

String theory adds many extra hidden dimensions to limit graviton exchange to a finite number, but there are an infinite number of string theories consistent with extra hidden dimensions. Since there has not been a single string theory, string theory has not been that useful as a basis for the problems of quantum gravity.

Discrete aether does not add any extra parameters or dimensions to limit graviton exchange to a finite number. Instead, discrete aether shows that the existing photon exchange bonds of particle to the universe provides a basis for quantum gravity as the figure shows. Gravitons are actually biphotons and therefore it is photon exchange with the collapsing universe that limits graviton exchange to a finite numbers.

 

Photon Geodesics

Photon geodesics connect emission and absorption actions between matter particles and between all bodies and the universe. Gravity is then not due to the photon geodesics between bodies, but rather gravity is then actually due to the photon geodesic shadows between bodies that just appears to be a gravity attraction between bodies. Since both charge and gravity are due to photon geodesics, gravity is then quantum and the quantum gravity shows typical quantum properties like superposition, interference, and entanglement.

The quantum gravity of photon geodesics follows gravity relativity since it is photon geodesics that make up space and time and gravitation lensing results from the interactions among photon geodesics, not really from gravity per se. Photon geodesic gravity is then all about the warping of photon geodesics, which is equivalent to the gravity warping of relativistic spacetime.

The means that the gravity that holds our body to Earth is due to the luminosities of our body as well as that of Earth and the luminosity of the universe. Science measures luminosity from the thermodynamic heat of all bodies, but Science does not yet associate that luminosity with gravity relativity. The association of gravity with luminosity of photon geodesics is the key to a quantum gravity that unifies all forces for the first time...

Quantum Gravity Biphotons

Another way to look at quantum gravity biphotons is to first consider the single photon transfer from an excited source to excite a phase-matched absorber ground state. As long as the source and absorber are close enough given the dephasing lifetime, a superposition forms between source and absorber. This superposition will collapse by dephasing the source and leaving the absorber excited or by dephasing the absorber and leaving the source excited. The superposition can also result in a chemical bond between the source and absorber and a new molecular ground state.

Although gravity appears to be an attraction between two bodies, quadrupole quantum gravity is a result the bonding of each of the bodies to the collapsing universe, not to each other. Quadrupole quantum gravity involves a complementary pair of photons, a biphoton, that bond each of the two bodies to the universe by a phase match that emits each photon. The gravity shadows between the two bodies is the scalar and vector gravity of quadrupole quantum gravity. Essentially, gravity is the pure collapse of the universe that shows up as bodies shadow each other's bonds to the universe.

The quantum gravity between each of the two stars of a binary involves not only scalar gravity, the only gravity of GR, but also vector quantum gravity. Binary stars therefore execute out-of-plane rosette orbits as a result of the combination of scalar and vector gravity unlike the planar orbits of GR binary stars.

Quantum Gravity Spin and Phase

Quantum gravity has scalar attraction but also both spin and phase and so quantum gravity differs from relativistic gravity, which has only scalar attraction and neither quantum spin nor quantum phase. Quantum electromagnetism (EM) has both spin and phase and so quantum EM has both scalar attraction or repulsion of static charges as well as the vector forces of moving charges. Quantum gravity then has the scalar attraction of bodies as well as the vector forces of moving bodies.

The collapsing quantum aether universe drives both quantum gravity and quantum EM and while it is the oscillation of quantum aether that drives EM, it is the collapse of quantum aether that drives quantum gravity. All bodies in the collapsing universe lose mass by dephasing and radiation and so stars that lose mass by radiation have even more vector gravity than cooler bodies. Star radiation leads to coupling of star motions around their centers of mass that contributes to scalar gravity and so vector gravity is not apparent with a simple binary star. However, star clusters and galaxies show the added velocities of vector gravity that Science now associates with dark matter.

Like neutron spin and phase, the spin and phase of the universe does not really depend on the motion of charges. However, the universe spin phase does couple with the spin phase of local matter and so there is a slight asymmetry to all universe matter spin phases.

It is quantum gravity that results in the asymmetry of universe spin phase and shows up as a quadrupole asymmetry of the cosmic microwave background. The Mollweide diagram shows the entire sky with the Milky Way along the axis, giving our ecliptic motion as an "s" shape.

Five Great Issues of Science

 Five Great Issues of Science

The five great issues of Science represent the purest Science driven by our curiosity, often termed basic research. These great issues represent the collective curiosity of humanity for all of recorded history and the economic sector Knowledge represents these great issues. In fact, the five great issues of Science are perpetual issues that Science will never completely resolve.

There are two great motions of the five issues of matter, action, life, free choice, and cosmos. The figure shows the motion of quantum phase coherence orders the complementary chaotic motion of classical entropy from the cosmic microwave background to the blackhole destiny. Matter is what makes up the universe while action is how the universe changes matter. Life is an evolution from the chaos of the disordered CMB matter to the ordered life of quantum coherence that gives us the feeling of free choice. We wonder about the origin of the cosmos since the chaos of entropy as well as the coherence of quantum phase make up the universe as complementary matter and action.

There are also many great problems of Science, that Science will eventually solve and so differ from the perpetual nature of the five great issues. The problems of Science are called applied Science, but some are also called basic Science. Among the problems of Science are:

1) Treating Cancer (Health);
2) Treating Heart Disease (Health);
3) Treating other Diseases (Health);
4) Placing People into Space (Knowledge);
5) Reducing Energy Costs (Energy);
6) Improving Transportation (Transportation);
7) Cleaning Up Defense Wastes (Security);
8) Maintaining Economic Stability (Money);
9) Reducing Human Environmental Impact (Environment);
10) Stabilizing Population Growth (Environment);
11) Maintaining World Peace (Security);
12) Maintaining National Defense (Security);
13) Harnessing Nuclear Energy (Energy);
14) Reducing Crime and Faction Conflicts (Security).

Civilization addresses the five issues and many problems of Science for innovation that improves wellbeing. After all, wellbeing includes the habitats of environment as well as the comforts of civilization.

Inflation from Printing Money Pays Debts

When the government prints money, inflation results 6 mos later as the figure shows and that inflation pays down government debt due to spending in excess of taxes. However, when you spend more than you make, inflation also helps you pay your debts to purchase things that benefit your future. A mortgage for a house or a loan for a car are both examples of debt financed purchases that benefit your future as long as your income less expenses is enough to make the loan payments. When your debt payments exceed income less expenses, you then become bankrupt and need to sell your house and car in order to survive. If you take on even more debt to remain solvent, that can only be a temporary solution since you would increasing total debt by using the new debt to repay the old debt.

A government collects taxes and other revenues to pay for its spending and borrows money to pay for its big projects. A government prints money and loans that money to banks for a small interest payment that then pays for printing and distributing the money. Banks then use that money for loans that the Banks charge interest and withdrawals that the banks pay interest. When a government spends more than its revenues, it must borrow money just to pay for  that excessive spending. The government prints money called bonds with a promise to pay interest in the future despite the extra cost of debt interest payments, which the government pays for with taxes and inflation. Roads, bridges, dams, and government buildings are all examples of debt purchases that benefit the future as long as taxes less expenses represents tolerable inflation. When government debt payments exceed taxation, government can then raise taxes or take on new debt to repay the old debt. A government takes on debt by simply printing money because the government bond debt is actually equivalent to printing money.

Banks need government printed money as cash to support consumer buying and selling and so banks must take on government debt just to support a producer-consumer economy. The cost of that government debt is in the interest payments for its bonds as well as in the inflation of consumer goods and services. In other words, in the absence of government taxation, inflation is how the producer consumer pays for government spending.

Both government taxes and inflation pay for government spending and so money is just the same promise to pay as are government bonds. While an investor must hold a bond until it matures before reclaiming it as cash, cash is then simply a government bond as money that a consumer can immediately reclaim as goods and services less inflation. The government withholds taxes on every paycheck and so holds that cash for the year.

When debt is inexpensive, producers and consumers borrow more and are therefore willing to pay more for goods and services and that increases inflation. However, producer borrowing more also increases economic growth just as consumer spending more also increases economic growth.

When debt cost is expensive, producers and consumers borrow less and so have less to spend for goods and services and that decreases inflation.

When the government prints money for spending in excess of revenues, inflation occurs as a government tax on producers and consumers to pay for that excessive government spending. A government printing more money than its economic growth will cause excess inflation until the government prints just enough money to sustain growth with acceptable inflation.

Acceptable inflation occurs when the economy is growing and producers and consumers believe the government is not printing money in excess of economic growth.

When the government spends more than its revenues, the government prints more money to pay for that excessive spending and that increases inflation, which then pays for that excessive spending.

When the government spends less than revenues, the government prints less money and that decreases inflation.

When government increases its interest rate, that makes consumer debt more expensive and so decreases inflation.

When government lowers its overnight interest rate, that makes producer and consumer debt less expensive and so increases inflation, but also growth.

Acceptable inflation occurs when the economy is growing and consumers believe the government can repay its debt. Inflation then is just enough to pay for the cost of money and to allow enough excess money for economic growth.

Update on discrete aether sunspot number prediction... beating NOAA like a rug...

 

The reported cycle 25 sunspot number agrees very well with the discrete aether prediction. The 11.4 lyr distances of Procyon and 61Cygni from the sun are responsible for the 11.4 yr convection cycle of sunspot activity that has been tracked since 1600.

The well-known dearth of sunspots at the Maunder Minimum in 1680 coincided with a very cold period known as the little ice age. The discrete aether model shows that the Maunder Minimum was due to a particular alignment of the 61Cygni double star orbit.

Variation of Fine-Structure Constant over Cosmic Time

In a collapsing universe, cosmic time is different from an atom time since atom time is never at rest given the evolution of collapse rate from zero at the cmb creation to the speed of light at the final blackhole destiny. The red shifts of galaxy look-back spectra in the collapsing universe, unlike an expanding universe, are then due to both galaxy cosmic age as well as the velocity of universe collapse. Blackhole horizons in the collapsing universe are no longer singularities even though they still stop atom time and still exist in the flow of cosmic time of collapse.

In the expanding universe of contemporary Science, cosmic time is the same as atom time at rest with a constant expansion, but atom time does depend on relative velocity and acceleration. According to Science, the red shifts of galaxy spectra are then due to increasing galaxy velocities with look-back time in the expanding universe. Blackhole singularity horizons, though, do stop atom time and yet still exist in the flow of cosmic time expansion.

While some constants of Science are constants in the collapsing universe, the fine-structure constant as well as the speed of light do vary with universe collapse, but the fine-structure splittings of distant galaxies still remain proportional to contemporary splittings. Many argue against universe collapse since the fine-structure splittings of distant galaxies are proportional to contemporary fine-structure splittings. However, the fine-structure splittings are proportional to ratio of transition energy and relativistic electron energy, E_n/(m_ec²), and this ratio is constant in the collapsing universe [see Griffiths and Schroeter, Introduction to QM, 2018, 7.3.2]. This is because while E_n and c both increase in the collapsing universe, m_e decreases over cosmic time.

The collapsing universe is Lorentz invariant and maintains the equivalence of mass and energy just as does the expanding universe relativity. But the speed of light varies in the collapsing universe since the speed of light reflects the universe collapse rate for each epoch and not for all epochs as in the expanding universe. The classical electron spin rate, c/α, in the collapsing universe is constant and so α the fine-structure constant varies in the same way as does c.

Radiant Quantum Gravity of the Milky Way

The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy made up of a supermassive black hole center, a central bar or bulge, and an outer spiral disk that is about three times the long axis of the inner bar. The Figure shows the bar and disk both simplified as rotating body pairs that radiate both scalar and vector gravity waves. The scalar gravity waves radiate outward from both bar and disk while the vector gravity waves couple disk to bar stars. The radiant vector gravity waves of the inner bar accelerate the outer disk stars and the radiant vector gravity wave of the disk decelerates the inner bar star rotations. The coupling of vector gravity then transfers angular momentum from slowing bar star rotations by accelerating disk star rotations. 

Thus, radiant quantum gravity satisfies the virial theorem without dark matter by transferring momentum from the bar to the disk stars. So no cold dark matter halo is needed around the galaxy to satisfy the virial theorem and instead, it is the coupling of vector gravity waves from bar to disk that satisfies the virial theorem without dark matter.

Unlike the very short range quantum forces of dipole radiation and single photon exchange, quantum gravity is a very long range force at the cosmic scale with quadrupole radiation and biphoton exchange. Quantum gravity includes not only scalar forces of mass between stars, but quantum gravity also includes vector forces that couple the motions of radiating stars.

The virial theorem is a simple statement that the potential energy bonding a set of bodies together must be equal to the kinetic energy of those bonded bodies. There are many cosmic examples like galaxies where the kinetic energies of stars of a galaxy do exceed the potential energy of Keplerian gravity, but do not exceed quantum gravity. Science has thus concluded that dark matter halos must make up over 95% of the mass of a galaxy even though there is no measurement for dark matter.

The relative motions of star matter gradients in the Milky Way result in gravity wave emission limited by the speed of light. It is the quadrupole wave emission of a moving mass gradient for Keplerian gravity that is also quantum vector gravity. Vector gravity couples the relative motions of Milky Way stars due to the matter gradient of star emissions and motion.

The Table shows matter gradient gravity waves from both static matter gradients as well as dynamic matter gradients from star emission. With just Keplerian gravity, the mass of the bar is 15% greater while its dipole emission is 21% lower than for quantum gravity. This results in a 10% increase in disk rotation velocity and an -8% decrease in bar rotation velocity.

The universe mass shell in effect maps all matter in the universe onto a two dimensional shell or hologram. As per the holographic principle, all of the information of the universe 3D volume encodes onto the 2D shell that is the universe boundary. Quantum gravity follows from this holographic principle.

Discrete Aether Quantum Gravity Radiation

 

Discrete aether quantum gravity between two bodies involves the photon exchange bonding of each body to the universe mass shell as the figure shows. Instead of gravity being a primary gravity field between bodies, aether quantum gravity is instead a residual force that emerges from the electromagnetic dispersive dipole-induced-dipole bonding of each body to the universe mass shell. When the two bodies orbit, like two blackholes or any two bodies, the rotation of their complementary binding photons results in emission of quadrupole radiation. The equation for discrete aether quantum gravity radiation is then the same as for quadrupole emission of gravity relativity. This shows that gravity relativity is completely consistent with the the quantum gravity of discrete aether.

The quadrupole radiation of a gravity orbit is inherently electromagnetic photon exchange in discrete aether and so there is no need for gravitons different from photons in discrete aether. Relativistic gravity radiation is then a dark radiation from discrete aether quadrupoles that have their dipole fields spread over the whole universe. This is because the complementary dipole photon separation for the quadrupole is on the order of the radius of the universe, 7.4e25 m.

The quadrupole radiation of a gravity orbit depends on its mass gradient, (m/a)⁵, as well as, to a lesser extent, the eccentricity of its orbit, ϵ. Spherical orbits have ϵ = 0 and so a rotating binary of equal masses has a simple expression where gravity radiation goes as the fifth power of its mass gradient.

For two orbiting bodies of very different masses like the Sun and Mercury or the stars of a galaxy, the expression becomes

For two radiating and orbiting bodies like a binary star of equal masses, there is an additional vector gravity term that is the ratio of radiation and relative velocity.

Table 1 shows characteristic dipole and quadruple emissions of the orbits of Sun-Mercury, Milky Way stars, blackhole merger, and the Sun in the Milky Way.

Mercury has the largest eccentricity of any planet in its orbit with the Sun and the perihelion advance of Mercury has long validated Einstein’s relativity. Mercury’s perihelion advance is a result of gravity quadrupole radiation as Table 1 shows that decays its orbit and increases its velocity. 

The emission of 5.2e-15 kg/s gravity quadrupole results in the Mercury orbit decay that is the perihelion advance. Since the same quadrupole emission occurs for discrete aether, the Mercury perihelion advance also validates discrete aether.

The Milky Way galaxy has a dipole luminosity of 4.3e19 kg/s, which is 1e10 x the Sun luminosity and due to its 2.5e11 stars. The gravity quadrupole Milky Way luminosity is much smaller at 1.3e15 kg/s than the dipole luminosity, but the much larger dipole luminosity also results in a quadrupole luminosity of 1.4e14 kg/s. This 13% increase in gravity wave emission decays all star orbits and therefore increases their orbital velocities just like the perihelion advance of Mercury.

The merger of two 6.0e31kg blackholes over 0.25 s results in quadrupole emissions of 3.0e29 kg/s at 1% of the total mass loss of the event. The onset of the inspiral occurs at r = 7.6e12 m, which is the point when the quadrupole radiation is just 1% of the total. There is also dipole emission from gravitation, but that emission is spread all over the universe.